Radio Frequency Identification

(abbreviated to RFID): An RFID system consists of a code carrier, the transponder or tag, and a read/write station (or read-only station). The (read/write) point (scanner) generates an electromagnetic field, which excites the coils of nearby transponders and supplies them with energy. Active transponders are also equipped with their own energy source.
A distinction is made depending on the frequency used,

Low Frequency -; LF (125-;135 kHz),
High Frequency -; HF (13.56 MHz),
Ultra High Frequency -; UHF (433 and 868 MHz),
Microwave (2.45 and 5.8 GHz).

The ranges vary from five to ten centimetres (for passive LF transponders) to several hundred meters (for active UHF transponders).
The amount of data to be stored in the tag also varies from approx. 64 bits on passive tags to 64 kByte on active tags. Modern 96-bit EPC UHF systems are capable of performing over 1,000 scans/s in bulk (bulk detection). However, it should also be noted that the probability of errors can vary considerably depending on the application.

The choice of the right transmission frequency also depends on the application. For example, moisture absorbs microwave radiation very strongly, whereas it has practically no effect on transmission in the LF range.
The work of the EPCglobal consortium (EPCglobal) with the Electronic Product Code (EPC) is particularly important for RFID technology.
ISO standards for the RFID air interface:

ISO 18000-1: general specification, including license exemption for ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical)
ISO 18000-2: < 135 kHz
ISO 18000-3: 13.56 MHz (to date) most commonly used band for commercial RFID systems
ISO 18000-4: 2.45 GHz
ISO 18000-5: 5.8 GHz
ISO 18000-6: UHF band (Generation II chips)
ISO 18000-7: 433 MHz

Further guidelines (selection) for different applications (except EPC):

IATA, based on ISO 15693 (13.56 MHz, 1.5 m read distance)
UPU Universal Post Union, an institution of the United Nations “contactless stamps”;, identification of postal items, reference architecture etc. for all common frequencies
ISO 15459 “License Plate”; according to DIN EN 1572: Identification key for transport units
ISO 69873 Tools and fixtures with data carriers, dimensions for data carriers and their installation space
ANSI MH 10.8.4 (ISO TC 122) RF tags for load units (U.S. TAG Project)
ANSI MH 10/SC 8 (TC 122) RFID for incoming goods, shipping and warehouse (application)

 

Source: logipedia / Fraunhofer IML